Intestinal microbiota is closely related to the immune, nerve and endocrine cells, and forms a highly complex intestinal ecosystem to maintain a state of balance. Until now, the protective effects and possible mechanism of oral AAM on the intestinal flora and liver metabolome of mice with alcoholic liver injury are still unclear. However, as a kind of biological macromolecule, AAM is likely to play a role in protecting the liver by regulating the intestinal microbiome. It was previously reported that oral administration of AAM had an obvious hepatoprotective effect to alleviate alcoholic liver injury in mice. More and more evidences show that natural melanin has a variety of biological activities, including protecting gastric mucosa, reducing liver fatty lesions, preventing oxidative stress, inhibiting the growth of colon cancer cells, anti-radiation, anti-adsorption of heavy metals. auricular melanin (AAM) has higher edible safety and biological activity compared with chemical synthetic pigments. As a negatively charged brown macromolecule, A. auricula polysaccharides, which had been widely proved to have excellent biological activities of immunoregulation, antioxidant and anti-tumor through pharmacological research. In recent years, most of the researches were focused on the extraction of A. ![]() auricular is rich in a variety of nutrients and active ingredients, including proteins, polysaccharides, melanin, polyphenols, calcium, iron and vitamins. It is of great significance to excavate natural products with strong antioxidant effect from food resources for the prevention of alcoholic liver injury.Īuricularia auricular, a traditional Chinese edible and medicinal mushroom, has been widely consumed in Asian countries (mainly China, South Korea, Japan, etc.) for thousands years because of its unique flavor, taste and medicinal value. Therefore, researchers all over the world are committed to finding effective strategies to intervene in the pathological development of ALD. How to prevent the pathological process of ALD has become a major global problem. Excessive alcohol intake produces large number of destructive endogenous free radicals, and it is difficult for the human body to eliminate these free radicals in a short time, leading to liver damage, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and even hypertension. Although the pathologic mechanism of ALD has not yet been clarified, there are many factors affecting the progress of ALD, such as the type of alcoholic beverages, nutritional status, eating habits and so on. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), mainly including fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocyte necrosis and even liver failure, is usually caused by long-term excessive alcohol consumption and has become an ever-growing health issue worldwide. Conclusively, these findings suggest that AAM has potential beneficial effects on alleviating alcohol-induced liver injury and is expected to become a new functional food ingredient.Īlcohol abuse has harmful impacts on human health by damaging liver metabolism functions. ![]() At the gene level, AAM treatment regulated the mRNA levels of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response related genes in liver, including ACC-1, FASn, CPT-1, CD36, IFN-γ, LDLr and TNF-α. Furthermore, liver metabolomics demonstrated that AAM had a significant regulatory effect on the composition of liver metabolites in mice with alcohol intake, especially the metabolites involved in phosphatidylinositol signaling system, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Compared with the model group, AAM supplementation significantly changed the composition of intestinal flora and up-regulated the levels of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Romboutsia, Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, etc. Besides, the abnormally high levels of bile acids (BAs) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver of mice with alcohol intake were significantly decreased by AAM intervention, while the hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were appreciably increased. The results showed that oral administration of AAM significantly reduced the abnormal elevation of serum total triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and significantly inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis in mice exposed to alcohol intake. The potential effects of Auricularia auricula melanin (AAM) on the intestinal flora and liver metabolome in mice exposed to alcohol intake were investigated for the first time.
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